![]() ![]() Seeing bodybuilders with tattoos isn’t so shocking in 2020, but it wasn’t common during Schwarzenegger’s bodybuilding heyday in the ‘70s.Īs Arnie himself explained, he committed himself to sculpting his body through rigorous training routine, and getting tattoos felt unnecessary. Olympia seven times.īodybuilding and tattoos aren’t exactly a match made in heaven, and that’s probably one of the main reasons why the action superstar never felt the need to give body art a shot. Universe title, and went on to be crowned as the Mr. Someone else does that with tattoos and a great thing about those temporary tattoos is that you can get rid of them any time you want,” explained the former Governor of California.īefore finding success in Hollywood, Arnold Schwarzenegger managed to become one of the most recognizable bodybuilders in the world. “I’ve changed my looks by developing my body, training my muscles. Arnold Schwarzenegger isn’t one of them, and he prefers other forms of altering one’s look. Getting tattoos is one of the best ways to transform your look, and many Hollywood stars welcomed this practice with open arms. Keep on reading to learn more about the link between bodybuilding and tattoos, and why Schwarzenegger decided to never commit to permanent ink. The Terminator actor used to be a bodybuilding superstar in his youth, and having tattoos could’ve stopped him rising through the ranks back in the ‘70s when he won multiple Mr. ![]() Many Hollywood stars are huge fans of tattoos, and they transformed their bodies into works of art with an impressive collection of ink, but is Arnold Schwarzenegger one of them?Īrnold Schwarzenegger doesn’t have any tattoos.
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According to the Ehlers–Danlos Society, the syndromes can also be grouped by the symptoms determined by specific gene mutations. ![]() In 2017, 13 subtypes of EDS were classified using specific diagnostic criteria. The syndromes are named after two physicians, Edvard Ehlers and Henri-Alexandre Danlos, who described them at the turn of the 20th century. Excess mobility was first described by Hippocrates in 400 BC. The prognosis depends on the specific disorder. While hEDS affects at least one in 5,000 people globally, other types occur at lower frequencies. All forms of EDS can result in fatal outcomes for some patients. Some forms of EDS result in a normal life expectancy, but those that affect blood vessels generally decrease it. Physical therapy and bracing may help strengthen muscles and support joints. Ī cure is not yet known and treatment is supportive in nature. Genetic testing can be used to confirm all other types of EDS. ĭiagnosis is often based on symptoms and confirmed by genetic testing or skin biopsy, particularly with hEDS, but people may initially be misdiagnosed with hypochondriasis, depression, or myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome. Typically, these variations result in defects in the structure or processing of the protein collagen or tenascin. Some cases result from a new variation occurring during early development, while others are inherited in an autosomal dominant or recessive manner. The specific gene affected determines the type of EDS, though the genetic causes of hypermobile Ehlers–Danlos syndrome (hEDS) are still unknown. ĮDS occurs due to variations of more than 19 genes that are present at birth. The current classification was last updated in 2017, when a number of rarer forms of EDS were added. Complications may include aortic dissection, joint dislocations, scoliosis, chronic pain, or early osteoarthritis. These may be noticed at birth or in early childhood. Symptoms often include loose joints, joint pain, stretchy velvety skin, and abnormal scar formation. ![]() Marfan syndrome, cutis laxa syndrome, familial joint hypermobility syndrome, Loeys–Dietz syndrome, hypermobility spectrum disorderĮhlers–Danlos syndromes ( EDS) are a group of 13 genetic connective-tissue disorders. Hypermobile, classic, vascular, kyphoscoliosis, arthrochalasia, dermatosparaxis, brittle cornea syndrome, others No significant gender differences or differences across normal and intellectually disabled subjects were found regarding mean total score on the ASSQ.Overly flexible joints, stretchy skin, abnormal scar formation Īortic dissection, joint dislocations, osteoarthritis, amplified musculoskeletal pain syndrome Ĭhildhood or teens depending on type. The mean interrater difference (i.e., between parent and teacher scoring) on the ASSQ (paired t test) was -1.96 t(104) = -2.39 p =. ![]() Moderately and severely intellectually disabled children were excluded due to the fact that the ASSQ does not tap features characteristic for such low-functioning subjects.Ĭonvergent validity was determined by a Pearson correlation between parent ratings on the ASSQ and Rutter scale was r =. The subjects in the validation sample were independently diagnosed with ASD (DSM-IV Aspergers) by a psychologist specializing in the disorder and a child psychiatrist. These scores were similar to those of the autism spectrum disorder group in the main sample. In a sample of 87 boys and 23 girls aged 6 to 17 it was found that autism spectrum disorder (DSM-IV Aspergers) validation sample scored an average of 25.1 (SD 7.3) (Ehlers, Gillberg, Wing, 1999). ![]() Joists supporting additional loads should be calculated by a competent person. 2x 4 2x 6 2x 8 2x10 Rafter Size (in) Spacing (in) Bending Design Value, Fb, (psi) TABLE R-15 RAFTERS WITH L/180 DEFLECTION LIMITATION. Check sources of supply for availability of lumber in lengths greater than 20. These span tables make no additional allowance for partitions or any other loads additional loads. Spans are shown in feet-inches and are limited to 26 and less. BS 5268-7.1 was published before BS 6399-1 was amended to include the more onerous 1.4 kN imposed concentrated load, so the approach adopted for these span tables uses the recommendations given in BS 6399-1, however, both approaches do result in similar joist sizes being calculated. Other span tables are based on the guidance given in BS 5268-7.1 which is a uniformly distributed load of 1.5kN/m² for spans greater than 2400 mm and 3.6 kN load per metre width of floor for spans less than 2400 mm to ensure that very small joist sizes do not result from the calculations for smaller spans. The floor joist span tables are based on the loadings given in the amended version of BS 6399-1 which is an imposed load of either a uniformly distributed load of 1.5 kN/m² or a concentrated load of 1.4 kN. Joists are to have minimum end bearing of 40mm. Wane as allowed in BS 4978:2007+A2:2017 is permitted in all sections included in these span tables. Proprietary strutting is to be used in accordance with manufacturers recommendations. ![]() Solid timber strutting to be at least 38mm thick and be a minimum of three quarters of the joist depth. Joist spans over 4.5m - provide 2 rows of strutting at third span positions.Joist spans 2.5m to 4.5m - provide strutting at mid-span.Joist spans up to 2.5m - no strutting required.Strutting or blocking between joists is required as follows Holes drilled at the neutral axis (centre line) are not to exceed 0.25 of the depth of a joist and are not to be less than three diameters (centre to centre) apart and are to be located between 0.25 and 0.4 of the span from the support. Notches are not to exceed 0.125 of the depth of the joist and are to be located between 0.07 and 0.25 of the span from the support. ![]() Timber to be covered, these span tables do not apply to timber which is fully exposed to the elements. The dead loads shown at the top of span table above do not include the self weight of the joists, however, the joist self weights are included (in addition to the dead loads) in the calculations used to determine permissble clear spans. The allowable clear spans have been calculated in accordance with BS 5268-2:2002 Structural use of timber - Part 2: Code of practice for permissible stress design, materials and workmanship and BS 5268-7.1:1990 Structural use of timber - Section 7.1 Domestic floor joists. Dead load per square metre (in kN/m²) supported by joistsĬentre-to-centre spacing of joists (in mm) ![]() Over its first few days online, the video gained a few hundred views, then a couple thousand, then “it just… kept going,” Cottrill recalls, her voice trailing off. It was all so simple, so impromptu, that she thought nothing of it. As she boogies in baggy sweatshirts, with a constellation of red acne dots spread across her forehead, she looks like just another girl in her room, goofing around. It shows her sitting on her bed and lip syncing alongside various knick knacks-including a figurine of Gizmo from Gremlins-and a Dunkin coffee. In the summer of 2017, Cottrill filmed the “Pretty Girl” video with her computer’s camera. But back then, at the very end of 2017, she had just played a show with Tyler, the Creator in which she struggled to emit much of a presence, singing quietly over instrumentals playing from her laptop, looking like she’d rather be anywhere else. She had been thrust into the spotlight after uploading a makeshift webcam video for a plinking synth-pop song called “ Pretty Girl” to her YouTube page the video has since collected more than 36 million views. That Claire was friendly, but also insular and guarded. It’s my first night traveling with Cottrill and her band as they make their way from Oklahoma to Chicago, and the Claire commanding a massive stage and belting Beyoncé is tough to square with the Claire that I interviewed a year and a half ago, when she had first become a viral phenomenon. ![]() ![]() After the show, she is pleasantly surprised with her performance: “Oh my god, that was so much fun!” Though she confidently handled her opening set for the chart-topping pop singer Khalid, her mannerisms were small, partly because of an autoimmune disease that can make it hard for her to move, and partly because the power of her music-a blend of polished melodies and indie rock introspection-comes from the heart, not the body. As Clairo, Cottrill performed tracks off her eclectic, guileless debut album, Immunity, exuding an unruffled chillness. Except the party is taking place in the bowels of the Chesapeake Energy Arena, and minutes earlier, Cottrill was singing her homespun songs about romance-blooming, unrequited, and everything in between-in front of thousands of people. ![]() It provides the logistics department with improved stock management of the input and output of goods, as well improving communication between the accounting and warehouse departments. Note: It is considered good business practice to have two copies of each delivery note – one for your records and one for the customer.ĭelivery notes are an inventory tool that assure a smooth packing and shipping process. Provides a level of protection for both the buyer and the seller.Provides additional information on returns.Is an opportunity to expose the customer to your brand again. ![]() Adds another level of professionalism to your service.Since it is important to ensure the correct sending and receiving of products, the purpose of a delivery note helps customers to check whether anything is missing and reassures suppliers that the delivery went well. It is strongly advised that you do include a delivery note with your deliveries because they are considered an added service that can put your customer’s mind at ease. While not compulsory in the UK, they are practical and have become standard when shipping goods. If you are using them for legal conformity, you can even use delivery notes in court as prima facie evidence,” writes Ionos, a hosting and cloud partner for SMEs. “Delivery notes aren’t required by law, but they can simplify the business process between you and your customers. In the meantime, try our free delivery note template for free below. Signing up to Zervant’s invoicing software allows users to easily create a delivery note from existing invoices. Once signed, you can be confident that your goods have reached their intended destination. It is a commercial document that accompanies a shipment of goods and lists all the products ordered, their description and the quantity delivered.Ī copy of a delivery note may be signed by the recipient and returned to the seller or consignor as proof of delivery, which is then known as ‘signed for delivery’ or ‘recorded delivery’. Ready to start your business? You might find this useful….What should be included in a delivery note?.What is the difference between an invoice and a delivery note?.What is the purpose of a delivery note?.Download our free delivery note template. Man Chrzan: some additions to existing mutator. Thank you so much for making this mod possible! Also he's provided that unique urethra system. Some script additions (dialogs, etc.).Ä®vil: created the whole mutator. KeshaFilm: created the desing, mesh and skins of Postal Grrl. About the PL - subscribe on this version to play with: įeel free to ask more in comments, and of course, rate this mod. Q: Can I play with that chick in Apocalypse Weekend/Paradise Lost?Ī: You can play in AW mode without any problems since this mutator is replacing every Postal Dude's pawn on the map. Browse xPatch - POSTAL 2 Unofficial Patch mod for POSTAL 2 addons to download customizations including maps, skins, sounds, sprays and models. who said that being a girl is easy? So that's about it - she's a girl, not a d%kgirl. Weapons of POSTAL 2 CORKSCREW RULES that released by Akella as Add-on or standalone package. New comments cannot be posted and votes cannot be cast. I'm not a fan of "manual installations", so editing the original "DudeDialog" voice pack is such a bad idea for me.Ī: Hmm. does anyone know of a nude mod for portal 2 Because nude is always better. Does anyone know any adult mods for it at all I've only seen semi-nude females re-texture, which was rather silly to see women with their tits out in the public, acting like everything's fine. Well, there is one DLC for it which you can buy in the main menu. To be honest, it's impossible to change those lines because they're played by scripted triggers and sequences inside the maps. Hey, I've looked through the forums and saw mentions of the game in some threads, but there is no specific one for the titular game. I want to see the Postal Dude's little dude if you know what I mean. In example: N0 is fully clothed on, 10 is fully naked. postal treaty will be charged at the rate, additional, or 50. The actual status is no nudity, but when i like to see some nice boobs in the game that is suppodes to be politically incorrect imo, it should be able to be set. nude : 3 months, 10 percook 6 20 12 14 SHORT. Q: Sometimes that girl saying the original Postal Dude lines. As the title says i suggest a toggle bar to adjust the grade of nudity in the game. In main menu, select "New Game" > "Workshop.", open the "Mods section and choose "Female Player Mod". Alternative methods to launch mod faster, without reloading the game. 3) Select ' Eternal Damnation (Launcher) ' in Game Mode section and press Start. All trademarks are property of their respective owners in the US and other countries. New hands texture also included.Ĭlick on "Subscribe" button, wait for a while, then run "Postal 2" game. How to Play: 1) Subscribe and wait until the mod is downloaded 2) Launch POSTAL 2 and go to the Workshop menu in New Game. POSTAL GRRL is ready to rock, she's using the same female ped's voice pack, and also she can wear the poilce and gimp uniforms. Zombies can be killed with headshots or by beheading, no need to destroy head anymore.Just run your game with this mutator and you'll find out, how it can be!.So itâs no surprise that one of the first generation of mods that came out for Postal 2 was The Mighty Kick. USAS-12 prviously multiplayer-only weapon from classic ED is now obtainable in campaign. Kicking people to death is hilarious in an edgy-â90s way.4 Diffciulties to choose from Easy to Hell on Earth which fetures classic style hard-to-kill zombies.Major bugfixes and some new features such as headshots, blood on weapons, new suicide etc. ![]() All steam version features such like high resolution support, weapon selector, workshop etc.Classic 2006 Campaign (Reworked 2009 Remake Campaign will be added later!).Subtitles in English, Russain, Polish and Brazilian Portugese languages.English and Polish dubbing available to switch between easily through options menu. WarpToDay () Set the day, reload level for that day. SetDay () Toggle all non-player triggered animations and actions to stop.SetTodaysErrandsComplete () Set the day, all errands before that day completed. Addeddate 15:05:43 Identifier postal-2-awp-nudes Scanner Internet Archive HTML5 Uploader 1.7.0. it's probably not coming out anytime soon. SetAllErrandsComplete () Set all of todays errands as complete, turns on hate player groups. If you're looking for official RWS's Eternal Damnation, well. It's an unofficial port and doesn't have anything to do with "Eternal Damnation: Resurrected" remake developed by RWS and Revival Games. The Steam Edition design vise is more close to original v6.0 but includes some stuff from unfinished v8.0 and lots of my very own bug fixes and improvements. What's new in this version?This version is based on 2006's v6.0 of Eternal Damnation and unfinished 2009's v8.0 remake by Resurrection Studios. ![]() tensor ( attention_masks ) return input_ids, attention_masks tensor ( input_ids ) attention_masks = torch. get ( 'attention_mask' )) # Convert lists to tensors input_ids = torch. encode_plus ( text = text_preprocessing ( sent ), # Preprocess sentence add_special_tokens = True, # Add `` and `` max_length = MAX_LEN, # Max length to truncate/pad pad_to_max_length = True, # Pad sentence to max length #return_tensors='pt', # Return PyTorch tensor return_attention_mask = True # Return attention mask ) # Add the outputs to the lists input_ids. for sent in data : # `encode_plus` will: # (1) Tokenize the sentence # (2) Add the `` and `` token to the start and end # (3) Truncate/Pad sentence to max length # (4) Map tokens to their IDs # (5) Create attention mask # (6) Return a dictionary of outputs encoded_sent = tokenizer. """ # Create empty lists to store outputs input_ids = attention_masks = # For every sentence. attention_masks (torch.Tensor): Tensor of indices specifying which tokens should be attended to by the model. ![]() input_ids (torch.Tensor): Tensor of token ids to be fed to a model. data (np.array): Array of texts to be processed. from_pretrained ( 'bert-base-uncased', do_lower_case = True ) # Create a function to tokenize a set of texts def preprocessing_for_bert ( data ): """Perform required preprocessing steps for pretrained BERT.
Even if you get hit once or twice, you’ll gain it back “BECAUSE” you are razor and he is greedy with screen time. Reason is because even with the downsides of the weapon, you can go into battle with bigger damage. ![]() Here’s my thoughts, I would choose the serpent spine for Razor. I hella get your debate between which weapon to use. Megathreads: Daily Questions | Gacha and Drops | Weekly Friend Requests | Team-building Megathread Moderators may remove submissions with repetitive content or certain generic topics for overall subreddit quality.(4) For topics about which multiple videos have already been posted, new videos about the same topic should present new important information, new perspectives, and/or better video production quality. (3) Self-promotional videos can only be posted once every five days. Do NOT make a link post that redirects to your video. (2) For Guides & Tips videos, all submissions should text posts with a detailed-write up about the information presented in your video along with time-stamps, if needed. (1) Plain playthroughs with no commentary, news reading, and low-quality/effort videos. ![]() Self-promotion is not prohibited but subject to removal and the following limitations:.(3) Others determined on a case-by-case basis.įor every submitter, at most one art/meme/screenshot post is allowed per day. (2) Posts with repetitive content or certain generic topics to help maintain subreddit quality (1) Reaction images, basic meme templates, etc (They belong in /r/Genshin_Memepact) The quality of a post is primarily judged by how much it contributes to a constructive discussion. Low quality/effort posts are subject to removal.Submissions that involve spoilers (storylines etc.) should be marked as such.ĭetails about what is considered as spoilers can be found here: Other forms of self-made content (such as screenshots or videos) should be tagged with the “Media” flair. (Note: Inclusion of artist name as a watermark is not considered as self-promotion). No self-promotion is allowed in the title or artwork (ex. At most one OC artwork can be posted per three days for every submitter. The OC (Original Content) flair is reserved for creators submitting their original artwork or handicraft only.See this visual guide for more info about how to submit a non-OC fanart. Artist name should be included in the title.Īt most ONE non-OC artwork is allowed per WEEK for every submitter. All non-OC (non-original-content) artwork posts should be in the form of a direct link(URL) to the source (the original post by the artist).Overly Strong use of Profanity (In quantity or effect). Prohibited Content: Gore, Exposed or Accentuated Genitalia (including if covered by clothing), Excessively Exposed Breasts, Express or Strongly Implied Sexual Activity, Posing or Context (Including text), Cropped/Censored versions of any of the above content or any other pornographic material.All art featuring revealing swimwear or equally revealing outfits must be tagged NSFW. Permissible Content when tagged NSFW: Moderate use of Blood, Partial Nudity, Subtle Innuendo, Mild Profanity (In quantity or effect).Account trading, commercial promotion, and any forms of activities that involve virtual or real-life monetary transactions are strictly prohibited in this subreddit and will subject the poster to permanent ban. ![]() No account trading or commercial promotion Please refer to the active megathreads on sidebar for relevant topics. Use the megathread(s) whenever appropriate.Posts that primarily reference other games or topics will be moderated on a case-by-case basis. All submissions should be primarily relevant to Genshin Impact.Please stick to basic discussion etiquette and refrain from insulting or harassing others. It is natural that people have different opinions.Official Site | Webtoon | Crunchyroll Subreddit Rules: Teyvat Interactive Map (chest locations and more) In-depth FAQ page (system requirements, cross-save/cross-play and more) The game features a massive, gorgeous map, an elaborate elemental combat system, engaging storyline & characters, co-op game mode, soothing soundtrack, and much more for you to explore!Īnnouncement Non-OC Question Flair filtersĪrt/Cosplay/Fluff/Media Filter Featured links This is the official community for Genshin Impact (原神), the latest open-world action RPG developed by miHoYo. Fortresses were built, a navy was stationed, and for the next 4 centuries San Sebastián defended against attacks from many fronts. The city lost its mercantile flair, and that business was diverted to Bilbao and Pasajes. The result was much more than a change in material from wood to stone, but also in mission. It wasn’t until after the last fire, in 1489 (so around the same time that typhus was getting started on the peninsula), that the city’s future was seriously reconsidered. Business was so brisk in fact that the city was rebuilt a half-dozen times after massive fires left it in ashes. The locals in the meantime enjoyed the Navarran traffic as well, for Sancho didn’t have much choice. In less than a few decades it was wrestled away by the Kings of Castile, whose thirst for a naval fleet suited and fed the locals better. This was useful to Sancho, but to the people of the town it was of little benefit to support a kingdom with so few opportunities to expand. San Sebastián was founded in the late 12th century by King Sancho (the wise) of Navarra to be its principal maritime port. If you are feeling ambitious make the climb (or take the cable car, no judgment here) to the top of Monte Urgull where you can visit the Castillo de la Mota or the museum (not much help to non-Spanish speakers) or simply take in the views. Though you may not get to visit the inside, the surrounding park is a calmer place to take in the views than are the beaches that flank it.Īlso worth a visit is the Catedral de Buen Pastor, a neo-gothic gem dedicated to the Good Shepherd whose interior will delight even more than its exterior. The namesake of the town, a monastery to San Sebastián Martír, no longer exists but in its place stands the former summer home of Isabella II, the Miramar Palace. ![]() Get a taste here, and then run wild in Bilbao. ![]() Known as pintxos (bites), and washed down with txakoli (the local white), they display a boggling amount of culinary genius. It is the first major city along the coast where you will find, primarily in the Parte Vieja (old town), the celebration of food that Basque chefs take such pride in. This despite being one of the rainiest cities in Spain (a point which offers little consolation to rain-soaked Santiago). The city is home to about 200,000 people and twice as many more annual tourists, who flock to the Cantabrian seaside to enjoy the sands of the La Concha beach as well as the many international festivals to films and dance that are held here annually. San Sebastián is one of the best-known tourist destinations in all of Spain, and is the capital city of the Basque province of Guipúzkoa (there are two more provinces in Spain and three in France). ![]() The first part argues suggestively for the Cretan-Minoan origins of Dionysus. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.Ī profoundly erudite history of Dionysus as god of life ( zoe as distinct from bios), with Jungian inflections, as suggested by the subtitle. Translated from the German by Ralph Mannheim. Dionysos: Archetypal image of indestructible life. Visionary, groundbreaking and influential, and still worth consulting. ![]() Sections include: Dionysus on Greek pottery (unillustrated) god of vegetation and the vine Athenian cult Dionysus in myth and literature, with emphasis on Euripides’ Bacchae orgiastic religion divine mania maenadism dithyramb the thiasos and the origin of tragedy Dionysus in Hellenistic and Greco-Roman worlds. History of Bacchic cult from the archaic age (published before decipherment of Dionysus’ name on Linear B tablets) to the Christian Roman empire. New introduction on intellectual context. Argues for Dionysus as symbol of suffering and resurrection, associating his travails with those of other Greek heroes tragedy as art form that purifies heroic suffering. Before the decipherment of Linear B, Ivanov argued that the earliest Achaeans worshipped a synthetic early version of Dionysus with orgiastic cult (chap. German translation of the Russian poet, scholar, and translator’s 1923 Dionis i pradionisijstovo. Chapters: Dionysus the traveller Dionysus the nourisher the lover of the queen the kingdom of the earth the wheel and the irreversible Dionysus the just. Paris: Arthauld.Ī general study of Dionysian myth and ritual, inflected with structural anthropology. Greek with facing-Spanish translations) corpus of visual evidence (38 pp.). Chapters on Mycenaean Greek documents archaic Greek archaeology and epigraphy archaic Greek poetry, philosophy, and mythography interpretative essays on synoptic questions about the nature and interpretation of Dionysus, and Dionysus as compared with Near Eastern gods corpus of textual evidence for Dionysus (111 pp. Multiauthored, comprehensive evidence-based discussion of Dionysus in archaic Greece, covering subjects not always well treated elsewhere. Madrid: Liceus, Servicios de Gestión y Comunicación. Textos e imágenes de Dioniso y lo dionisíaco en la Grecia antigua. 2013 is ample, source-based, detailed and wide ranging.īernabé, Alberto, Ana Isabel Jiménez San Cristóbal, and Marco Antonio Santamaria, eds. Otto 1965 is a classic study of Dionysian myth and ritual with Nietzschean inflections. Seaford 2006 is a concise synoptic introduction. ![]() Because Dionysus defies boundaries and categorization, many topics are referred to in more than one section of this bibliography for example, for maenadism see Dionysus and Tragedy, Forms of Dionysian Ritual, and Dionysus in Ancient Art, as well as the General Studies and Collections of Essays. Of the rich critical literature on Dionysus the best work is interdisciplinary, combining philological and archaeological methods with an awareness of how the god is being understood and, to some extent, reconstructed. A number of more or less recent studies have analyzed the history of the god’s interpretation. Scholars have discussed and interpreted Dionysus in countless ways, using many different theoretical approaches including Religionsgeschichte, Jungian psychology, and anthropology. Since the time of the later Roman Empire, Dionysus has continued to enjoy a rich and varied afterlife (perhaps we should rather say evolution) from Christian discourse through medieval allegory, Renaissance painting, and German philosophy to modern art and aesthetics. There were many local variations, and Dionysus was often identified with or influenced aspects of local deities such as Osiris, Fufluns, or Liber. Nonetheless, the god cannot be reduced to this or any single version, and still less to an unchanging essence. The version which took shape in Athens during the Archaic and Classical periods continues to dominate our picture of Dionysus, god of wine, fertility and nature, theater, and ritual madness. Dionysus has been abundantly attested in myth, art, literature, and cult from the archaic age onward. Nowadays most scholars consider the motif of the god’s arrival a structural feature of the god’s myth rather than a historical reminiscence: he is “the god who comes” (Hölderlin, “Brod und Wein”), the epiphanic “étrange étranger” (Detienne, Dionysus at Large), both native and outsider. The appearance of his name on Linear B tablets from Crete and Pylos proved his great antiquity. For long it was believed that he was a late addition to the Greek pantheon, partly due to his minor role in the Homeric poems, and partly because of the many myths in which the god arrives, often from Thrace or Phrygia. Dionysus/Bacchus is the most widely-studied of the Greco-Roman divinities. |
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